The course addresses the problem of the interferences, so present in our current environment, and the need to design electronic equipment considering not only its functionality, but also its capacity to interfere and to exhibit a certain level of immunity against the interferences from the environment. It is also important to identify the extra design requirements related to the legal requirements for to put any electronic device into the market.
The course discusses interferences, both natural and artificial, the paths and ways of coupling, and the design techniques to improve the electromagnetic compatibility of electric and electronic equipment. The measurement environments and the instrumentation needed to perform tests are also explained, as well as the pertinent measurement procedures to evaluate the compliance of the EMC directives. We also study the legislation, regulations and organizations involved in the conformity procedures necessary to obtain the `CE´ label. Finally, the course also has a practice which consists in the study of real practical cases.
Titular Professors
Professors
Notions of electronics, instrumentation and transmission systems
The main target for this subject is to provide to the students a global vision of all aspects of the electromagnetic compatibility in an electronic design. The proposed views are:
- Design: to understand the physics behind the noise generation and propagation to the environment. Identify the noise source, how to reduce and block their propagation.
- Legal: to identify the legal requirements related to electromagnetic compatibility and add to the design requirements. A brief description of legal environment.
- Measurement (inside): global vision of the tests to be done for demostrate the electromagnetic compatibility . Instrumentation needed, result analysis and identify external facilities needed.
- Measurement (outside): global vision of external facilities in the market. Minimum quality result analysis.
To have a pragmatic business approach to problems.
1. The EMC problem
1.1- Introduction. Definitions, history, organizations and examples.
1.2- Sources, coupling paths and receivers.
1.3- Radiated and conducted interferences.
2. Interference sources
2.1- Natural sources.
2.2- Atmospheric and electrostatic discharges.
2.3- Artificial sources.
2.4- Passive components.
2.5- Resistances, capacitors, inductors.
2.6- Connection terminals, conductors, transformers.
2.7- Ferrites.
2.8- Other sources.
3. Ways of coupling
3.1- Coupling by conduction.
3.2- Common impedances and ground loops.
3.3- Coupling by radiation.
3.4- Near field radiation.
3.5- Far field radiation.
3.6- Common and differential modes.
4. Cables
4.1- Types of cables.
4.2- Cable shielding.
4.3- Cable parameter measurement.
5. Shielding
5.1- Effectiveness and functional principal.
5.2- Absorption losses.
5.3- Reflection losses.
5.4- Material behavior.
5.5- Connection and placement of the shielding.
5.6- Discontinuities in the shielding.
6. Earth, ground and bias
6.1- Earth and ground.
6.2- Connection to ground by high and low frequency.
6.3- Ground line inductance.
6.4- Connection to ground of cables and subsystems.
6.5- The bias line.
6.6- Distribution of the bias line.
6.7- The coupling capacitor.
7. Filtering
7.1- Insertion losses.
7.2- Impedance matching.
7.3- Filters for power lines.
7.4- Filters for data and control lines.
8. Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
8.1- Origin and effects.
8.2- Generation mechanisms.
8.3- Circuit models.
8.4- Coupling mechanisms.
8.5- Protection and design strategies.
9. Measurement instruments for EMC
9.1- Equipment for emissions.
9.2- Equipment for immunity.
10. Measurement environments
10.1- Conducted measurements
10.2- Radiated measurements
10.3- Measurement environment evaluation
10.4- Alternatives to semi-anechoic chambers
11. Electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS)
11.1- Susceptibility in analogical devices.
11.2- Susceptibility in digital devices.
11.3- Suppressing devices.
11.4- Primary protections.
11.5- Protection circuits.
12. Regulations and legislation for Electromagnetic Compatibility.
12.1- Involved organizations.
12.2- The directives.
12.3- Procedures for the evaluation of conformity.
12.4- The `CE´ label.
12.5- Regulations for EMC.
13. Practical cases
13.1- Case presentation.
13.2- Analysis of the problems.
13.3- Proposal of solutions.
During the course several methodologies are combined to teach the subject.
1. Magisterial classes. The professor imparts the subject and tries that it be as participative as possible through questions and debates.
2. Experimental classes. The professor make a real test (simplified) as a base to demostrate different physical fenomena or aspects of electromagnetic comaptibility. The student is requested to explain the phenomenon, base of the experiment, results or reason for results with the target of explain and understand the effects.
3. Web material. Videos and quality web pages with relevant information.
4. Presentation of real situations.
5. Students presentation of a product study. It is important not only the presentation to the rest of the class, the answers and questions to other gorups are taken into account.
Continuous evaluation only be taken into account if 80% of activities are delivered and the exam score is higher than 3.5.
Note calculation:
Thegradeofthesubjectwillbethe highestof:
a) 40% Continuous Evaluation and activities + 60% Exam.
b) Exam Note. The highest of:
a. 70% February call + 30% intermediate control
b. 100% February call. The February call could be replaced by a work. Conditions to be discussed and agree in class.
Objective 1: - The student must have a general vision and understand the problems that electromagnetic compatibility poses from the point of view of electric and electronic equipment design and from the view of measurement procedures and legislation and organizations that regulate it. [A+F+I+J] Objective 2: - The student has to master the basic concepts and magnitudes related with the subject. [A+F+I+J] Objective 3: - The student must be able to identify the origin and nature of all the possible interference sources and coupling paths. [A+F+I+J] Objective 4: - The student must have the capacity to apply the techniques described in the course to solve both emission and immunity problems. [A+F+I+J] Objective 5: - The student has to show his capacity to perform laboratory tests and measurements in order to verify the conformity of devices to the pertinent regulations. [A+F+I+J] Objective 6: - The student has to demonstrate his capacity to analyze practical situations and decide among the several improvement alternatives. [A+F+I+J] Objective 7: - The student must reach a pragmatic business approach to problems. [A+F+I+J]
David Badia Folguera, transparències i apunts de Compatibilitat Electromagnètica.2018 Publicacions Enginyeria i Arquitectura La Salle.
Michel Mardiguian, EMI Troubleshooting Techniques. 1999. McGraw-Hill. Kenneth Wyatt. Create Your Own EMC Troubleshooting Kit (Volume 1).2020. Wyatt Technical Services LLC. Kenneth Wyatt. Workbench Troubleshooting EMC Emissions (Volume 2).2021. Wyatt Technical Services LLC. Kenneth Wyatt. Workbench Troubleshooting EMC Immunity (Volume 3).2021. Wyatt Technical Services LLC. Lopez Veraguas, Joan Pere Compatibilidad electromagnética y seguridad funcional en sistemas electrónicos (2013), Coedición Editorial Marcombo, S.A. / Alfaomega Grupo Editor SA. H.W. Ott Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering (2009) Editorial: Wiley Tim Williams EMC for Product Designers, Fourth Edition, Newnes, UK 2007 Howard Johnson, Martin Graham High-Speed Digital Desing. A Handbook of Black Magic. Prentice Hall, 1993. 27th Printing, 2011 Howard Johnson, Martin Graham High-Speed Signal Propagation. Advanced Black Magic. Prentice Hall, 2003. 11th Printing, 2011 Mark I. Montrose Printed Circuit Board Design Techniques for EMC Compliance; IEEE Press Original Handbook; Mark I. Montrose, Edward M. Nakauchi Testing for EMC Compliance IEEE Press 2004 Anatoly Tsaliovich Electromagnetic Shielding Handbook for wired and wireless EMC applications Kluwer Academic Publishers. Norwell, Massachusetts R. Pallas, F. Daura, J. Balcells, E. Esparza. Interferencias electromagéticas en sistemas electrónicos, 1a ed. Marcombo, Barcelona