It has sometimes been said that philosophy is "the effort of the concept." And indeed, a characteristic feature of philosophy is its attempt to grasp the fleeting and the concrete within representations that give them stability. In this way, we seek primarily two things. First, it seeks to find meaning where there were previously disconnected data, something akin to the multiplicity of intuitions Kant spoke of. And precisely, based on Kant, philosophy in the case of politics seeks to take the concrete data of political reality, like raw data, and find concepts with which to consider them, aware that, otherwise, they would be like intuitions without concepts, which are blind. Conversely, in political philosophy, the aim is for these concepts to align with what is shown in experience as being proper to politics, thus avoiding constructions in the air, running the risk (and here we are again inspired by Kant) that concepts without intuitions become empty.
Secondly, philosophy not only seeks to understand and find concepts, but it seeks to understand in depth. It wants to understand the phenomena from their roots, to form a representation that fully encompasses politics and its phenomena and understands them from their foundations, from what accounts for their meaning in as complete and radical a way as possible. This is also what, in our view, distinguishes political and social philosophy from other disciplines that also, obviously, use concepts but do not seek (because they do not have to) to reach the root. Instead, they aim to give us a map that allows us to navigate through the phenomena. Here, in philosophical subjects, we seek to go further: more than a surface map, we seek to account for all phenomena with the highest ideal of understanding, even though we are aware that this task will likely never be finished and is always at risk of failure.
Thus, this course aims to help students develop sensitivity for the concept and the ability to ask questions that probe deeper. In this way, it complements the more strictly empirical subjects, contributing to a professional who is attentive to concrete problems while also maintaining the perspective of depth and totality, a necessary duality to face the great challenges of our time.
UNIT 1: Philosophy and Politics:
Topic 1: Definitions, Domain, and Methods.
1. The political: specificity and relationships.
2. Historical considerations.
3. Systematic considerations.
Topic 2: Power:
2.1. Definition and perspectives of analysis.
2.2. The "zero degree" of the political.
2.3. Constituent power and constituted power.
2.4. Power, dominance, authority.
Topic 3: The Social System:
3.1. Politics. Economy. Culture.
3.2. Relationships: autonomy and interdependence.
3.3. Social structure and forms of political organization.
3.4. Structure and social change. Organizations and institutions.
3.5. Modernization: political problems.
UNIT 2: Political Problems of Complex Societies
Topic 4: Democracy, Globalization, Pluralism, and Multiculturalism
4.1. Beginnings and principles of democracy.
4.2. Forms of democracy.
4.3. Globalization and the tensions of democracy.
4.4. Democracies in a plural world.
Topic 5: The Individual and the Community. Universality and Localism.
5.1. The individual and the social.
5.2. Proximity politics.
5.3. Horizons of universalism.
Topic 6: Transformation of Politics:
6.1. New paradigms of thought and action.
6.2. Politics of postmodernity.
The course will combine two types of activities aimed at acquiring knowledge and developing skills among students.
Lectures: The professor will provide a series of explanations to present the main theoretical contents of the course, specifically the issues, concepts, positions, and arguments of the authors that are the subject of study in this course. The lecture is not incompatible with student participation, as they will be asked to demonstrate their understanding of the topics discussed, as well as offer reasoned positions on them.
Practical activities and/or debates: Each session of the course will have a section dedicated exclusively to debate and reflection by the students. In this part, students will be required to critically comment on a political issue, identify the philosophical problem it raises, relate it to the authors studied, and offer a reasoned stance. These activities may be based on current news, the statement of a problem, or a philosophical text for discussion, allowing students to regularly practice the skills of comprehension, analysis, and argumentation that will also be necessary for other assessment activities.
Ordinary Exam Session: To be evaluated in the ordinary session, all evaluation activities must have been completed. Evaluative activities must be submitted by the deadlines set by the professor. If, for a duly justified and communicated reason, it is not possible to submit these activities within the specified period, they may be submitted before the exam date so that the professor can grade them. However, in this case, the professor is not required to send feedback to the student on these activities. On the other hand, the student has the right to take the final written exam even if they have not submitted all other evaluation activities. However, the final grade for the course will only be calculated if all activities have been submitted according to the evaluation criteria and weightings set out in this guide. If a student has not submitted or completed any evaluation activity, it will be recorded as "Not presented" in the record for the session.
Extraordinary Exam Session: The evaluation criteria are the same as for the ordinary session, so all evaluation activities for the course must be submitted. The grades for activities already completed (including the final written exam) will be kept, pending the completion of the remaining activities. The same weighting criteria applied in the ordinary session will be used in this evaluation. This measure will only apply in the current academic year; therefore, if the extraordinary exam session is not passed, re-registration will result in repeating the entire course.
? Participation and quality of interventions in class, especially during the practical part and/or the debate portion that will be included in each session: 10%.
? Critical review of a book to be chosen from the list of readings provided by the course professor: 25%.
? Mid-term exam: personal, reasoned reflection, based on the authors discussed throughout the course, on a political issue: 25%.
? Final exam: text commentary, theoretical content, and reasoned reflection: 40%.
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